1. Introduction
1.1. WHERE AND WHAT IS "THE WEST"? 185
I. "East" and "West" often mystified, not really about place and georaphy.
II. While we use these terms for the sake of simplicity, they are really complex terms. Complications:
A. The West is more than Europe, and not all Europe are the West.
1. eg. Eastern Europe, Japan.
III. The West is a historical, not geographical construct.
A. Definition of "western": a developed, industriliazed, urbanized, capitalist, secular and modern society.
1. Thus West=Modern 186
IV: The function of the concept of "the West".
A. allows us to characterize societies into categories: i.e. "western" "non-westerN"; a tool that set certain structure of thoughts in motion.
B. It is a condensed image, a composite picture; as part of a representation system.
1. It's a system because it relates to other imgeas and ideas: wester=urban=developed; non-western=non-industrial=rural=agricultural=under-developed.
C. As a standard for comparison: thus non-western can be said to be close to or far from the West.
D. A criterion of evaluation.
1. ex. The west=developed=good=desirable; the non-wester=under-develped=bad=undesirable.
2. Thus it functions as ideology, that is, producing certain knowledge about a subject and an attidues towards it.
V: The West is a historical concept, but not simply represent, but being essential to the very formation of the Western societies. 187
VI: It is not only an idea: it had real effects. It enabled people to see and speak about things.
VII: This chapter is to analyze the formation of the representation system who centers around the concept of "the West" and "the Rest”
VIII: West and Enlightenment
A. West idea central to Enlight.
IX: The rise of the West as a global story; The West and the Rest two sides of the same coin; the West as the negative definition of the east.
X: Internal differece within the West; internal other (Jew)
2. EUROPE BREAKS OUT
2.1 WHEN AND HOW DID EXPANSION BEGIN 189
I. Two key events for expansion: Early Portuguese in Africa (1430); Columbus (1492)
2.2. FIVE MAIN PHASES
I. Exploration
II: Early contact: conquest, settlement, colonization, etc.
III: establishment of permanent exploitation, settlement and colonization. IV: The climax for global scramble for colonies; apex of imperialism.
V: Present (1990), formally independent, but economically dependent on the west.
2.3 THE AGE OF EXPLORATION; 15C [PHASE 1]
2.4 BREAKING THE FRAME; end of 15c [PHASE 2]
I. Material factor
II. Mental condition
2.5 THE CONSEQUENCES OF EXPANSION FOR THE IDEA OF THE WEST 197
I. The concept of the West consolidated to erase the intenal difference through opposition to the East, esp. the Islamaic
II. The Restless 198
A. Weber: Rational restlessness derived from Puritanism; moral & social improvement 199a
B. Durkheim: a community of norm based on Christendom; internal political, economical, class struggles regulated.
III. Map 200
IV. The concept of Europe as a half-secularized version of the Chritian religion charged concept f"West"; 201
3 DISCOURSE AND POWER 201
3.1 WHAT IS A DISCOURSE 201
I. Def: a particularway to define West and the Rest, and their relation
II. Discourse and statement: field of statements, enable and limits possible statments about certain subject. III: Discourse as production of knowledge and the complication of thought/action, language/practice
1. Interaction: practices entail meaning; discourse produces action IV: Keys of Foucaultdian discourse 202
A. Discourse and subject position
1. Discourse independent of where it is issued, can be produced by individuals in different institutions
2. Yet discourse produces subject positions from which the discourse makes sense
ex. when you speak in terms of West and the Rest, you are placed in a subject position enabled by
certain discourse about it.
B: Discourses are not closed system; i.e. it's more a selection and connection among certain elements available
1. It may contains elements form elsewhere in space and time; ex. Christendom in the discourse of the
West
C: the discourse regulates the differential relationship among statmenets; acts of discursive formation
3.2 DISCOURSE AND IDEOLOGY 202
I. Differnce
A. Ideology based on polarity of falsity and truthfulness; discourse focus on how true and false are
constructed discursively. 203
1. ex. calling them terrorists and then treating them as such; description becomes true
3.3 CAN A DISCOURSE BE INNOCENT? 233
A. Discourse must not be directly linked to class interest;
B. and yet it's not power neutral.
1. necessary epistemological violence 204
2. serving ulterior motive and interests
3. yet even the practitioners can be unaware of it; thus not attributable simply to evil intentions.
4. West in a dominant position, dictating what the others see and didn't see.
C. Thus discourse as ONE system through which power circulates.
D. A functioning discourse is called a "regime of truth."
4. REPRESENTING THE OTHER
4.1 ORIENTALISM 205
4.2 THE "ARCHIVE" 206
I. Orientalism as a common archive bound together by set of ideas and values for explaining the East.
II. Other discourses "Orientalism" discourse draws on:
A. Classical Knowledge
ex. from Plato to Ptolemy
B. Religious and biblical sources 207
C. Mythology
D. Travellers' tales
4.3 A "REGIME OF TRUTH" 208
I. Rise of descriptive and observative projects but its calims to truth also compromised
A. ex. patagones
4.4 IDEALIZATION 209
I. the Orient and the Rest as the subject of fantasy, dream a Goden Age, and Utopia.
4.5 SEXUAL FANTASY 210
4.6 MIS-RECOGNIZING DIFFERENCE 211
I. The West's inability to recognize difference, such as economic, social structures foreign to their own.
4.7 RITUALS OF DEGRADATION 210
I. The opposite of idealization: the Rest as the barbarous and depraved; cannibalism
4.8 SUMMARY: STEREOTYPES, DUALISM, AND SPLITTING 215
I. Idealization, projection of desire and degradation, failure to recognize difference, and the imposition of
Eurocentric norms are all strategies of STEREOTYPING 215 6 IN THE BEGINNING ALL THE WORLD WAS AMERICA 216
5 FROM "THE WEST AND THE REST" TO MODERN SOCIOLOGY 221
I. The influence of the oriental discourse on the foundation of modern sociology
A. Marx and Asiatic production.
B. Weber and Islam
7 CONCLUSION
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